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In December 2008, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration issued guidance to the pharmaceutical industry setting new expectations for the development of antidiabetes drugs for type 2 diabetes. This guidance expanded the scope and cost of research necessary for approval of such drugs by mandating long-term cardiovascular outcomes trials (CVOTs) for safety. Since 2008, 9 CVOTs have been reported, 13 are under way, and 4 have been terminated. Reassuringly, each of the completed trials demonstrated the noninferiority of their respective drugs to placebo for their primary cardiovascular (CV) composite end point. Notably, four additionally provided evidence of CV benefit in the form of significant decreases in the primary CV composite end point, two suggested reductions in CV death, and three suggested reductions in all-cause mortality. Although these trials have yielded much valuable information, whether that information justifies the investment of time and resources is controversial. In June 2016, a Diabetes Care Editors' Expert Forum convened to review the processes and challenges of CVOTs, discuss the benefits and limitations of their current designs, and weigh the merits of modifications that might improve the efficiency and clinical value of future trials. Discussion and analysis continued with the CVOT trial results released in June 2017 at the American Diabetes Association's Scientific Sessions and in September 2017 at the European Association for the Study of Diabetes scientific meeting. This article summarizes the discussion and findings to date.

Original publication

DOI

10.2337/dci17-0057

Type

Journal article

Journal

Diabetes Care

Publication Date

01/2018

Volume

41

Pages

14 - 31

Keywords

Aged, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cardiovascular System, Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic, Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors, Endpoint Determination, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor, Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Insulin, Male, Middle Aged, Mortality, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Risk Factors, Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2, Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors, Treatment Outcome