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An unresolved question is how HIV-1 achieves efficient replication in terminally differentiated macrophages despite the restriction factor SAMHD1. We reveal inducible changes in expression of cell cycle-associated proteins including MCM2 and cyclins A, E, D1/D3 in macrophages, without evidence for DNA synthesis or mitosis. These changes are induced by activation of the Raf/MEK/ERK kinase cascade, culminating in upregulation of CDK1 with subsequent SAMHD1 T592 phosphorylation and deactivation of its antiviral activity. HIV infection is limited to these G1-like phase macrophages at the single-cell level. Depletion of SAMHD1 in macrophages decouples the association between infection and expression of cell cycle-associated proteins, with terminally differentiated macrophages becoming highly susceptible to HIV-1. We observe both embryo-derived and monocyte-derived tissue-resident macrophages in a G1-like phase at frequencies approaching 20%, suggesting how macrophages sustain HIV-1 replication in vivo Finally, we reveal a SAMHD1-dependent antiretroviral activity of histone deacetylase inhibitors acting via p53 activation. These data provide a basis for host-directed therapeutic approaches aimed at limiting HIV-1 burden in macrophages that may contribute to curative interventions.

Original publication

DOI

10.15252/embj.201696025

Type

Journal article

Journal

EMBO J

Publication Date

01/03/2017

Volume

36

Pages

604 - 616

Keywords

HIV , SAMHD1, cell cycle, histone deacetylase, macrophage, Cells, Cultured, G1 Phase, HIV-1, Humans, Immune Evasion, Immunity, Innate, Macrophages, Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins, Phosphorylation, Protein Processing, Post-Translational, SAM Domain and HD Domain-Containing Protein 1