RATIONALE: Subcellular Ca2+ indicators have yet to be developed for the myofilament where disease mutation or small molecules may alter contractility through myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity. Here, we develop and characterize genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators restricted to the myofilament to directly visualize Ca2+ changes in the sarcomere. OBJECTIVE: To produce and validate myofilament-restricted Ca2+ imaging probes in an adenoviral transduction adult cardiomyocyte model using drugs that alter myofilament function (MYK-461, omecamtiv mecarbil, and levosimendan) or following cotransduction of 2 established hypertrophic cardiomyopathy disease-causing mutants (cTnT [Troponin T] R92Q and cTnI [Troponin I] R145G) that alter myofilament Ca2+ handling. METHODS AND RESULTS: When expressed in adult ventricular cardiomyocytes RGECO-TnT (Troponin T)/TnI (Troponin I) sensors localize correctly to the sarcomere without contractile impairment. Both sensors report cyclical changes in fluorescence in paced cardiomyocytes with reduced Ca2+ on and increased Ca2+ off rates compared with unconjugated RGECO. RGECO-TnT/TnI revealed changes to localized Ca2+ handling conferred by MYK-461 and levosimendan, including an increase in Ca2+ binding rates with both levosimendan and MYK-461 not detected by an unrestricted protein sensor. Coadenoviral transduction of RGECO-TnT/TnI with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy causing thin filament mutants showed that the mutations increase myofilament [Ca2+] in systole, lengthen time to peak systolic [Ca2+], and delay [Ca2+] release. This contrasts with the effect of the same mutations on cytoplasmic Ca2+, when measured using unrestricted RGECO where changes to peak systolic Ca2+ are inconsistent between the 2 mutations. These data contrast with previous findings using chemical dyes that show no alteration of [Ca2+] transient amplitude or time to peak Ca2+. CONCLUSIONS: RGECO-TnT/TnI are functionally equivalent. They visualize Ca2+ within the myofilament and reveal unrecognized aspects of small molecule and disease-associated mutations in living cells.
Journal article
Circ Res
12/04/2019
124
1228 - 1239
calcium, cardiomyopathies, fluorescence, mutation, sarcomere, Adenosine Triphosphatases, Adenoviridae, Animals, Benzylamines, Calcium, Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic, Guinea Pigs, In Vitro Techniques, Male, Mutation, Myocytes, Cardiac, Myofibrils, Myosins, Sarcomeres, Simendan, Transduction, Genetic, Troponin I, Troponin T, Uracil, Urea