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Plasmodium malariae is the only human malaria parasite species with a 72-hour intraerythrocytic cycle and the ability to persist in the host for life. We present a case of a P. malariae infection with clinical recrudescence after directly observed administration of artemether/lumefantrine. By using whole-genome sequencing, we show that the initial infection was polyclonal and the recrudescent isolate was a single clone present at low density in the initial infection. Haplotypic analysis of the clones in the initial infection revealed that they were all closely related and were presumably recombinant progeny originating from the same infective mosquito bite. We review possible explanations for the P. malariae treatment failure and conclude that a 3-day artemether/lumefantrine regimen is suboptimal for this species because of its long asexual life cycle.

Original publication

DOI

10.3201/eid2308.161582

Type

Journal article

Journal

Emerg Infect Dis

Publication Date

08/2017

Volume

23

Pages

1300 - 1307

Keywords

Australia, Plasmodium malariae, artemether/lumefantrine, haplotype, malaria, parasitemia, parasites, recrudescence, Adult, Antimalarials, Artemether, Lumefantrine Drug Combination, Artemisinins, Drug Combinations, Drug Resistance, Ethanolamines, Fluorenes, Humans, Hydroxychloroquine, Malaria, Male, Plasmodium malariae, Primaquine, Recurrence